PHP Operators

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# PHP Operators

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This chapter shows the different operators that can be used in PHP scripts.

## PHP Arithmetic Operators

Operator | Name | Example | Result
--- | --- | --- | ---
+ | Addition | $x + $y | Sum of $x and $y
- | Subtraction | $x - $y | Difference of $x and $y
* | Multiplication | $x * $y | Product of $x and $y
/ | Division | $x / $y | Quotient of $x and $y
% | Modulus | $x % $y | Remainder of $x divided by $y

The example below shows the different results of using the different arithmetic operators:

## Example

<?php
$x=10;
$y=6;
echo ($x + $y); // outputs 16
echo ($x - $y); // outputs 4
echo ($x * $y); // outputs 60
echo ($x / $y); // outputs 1.6666666666667
echo ($x % $y); // outputs 4
?>
Run example »

## PHP Assignment Operators

The PHP assignment operators is used to write a value to a variable.

The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set to the value of the assignment expression on the right.

Assignment | Same as... | Description
--- | --- | ---
x = y | x = y | The left operand gets set to the value of the expression on the right
x += y | x = x + y | Addition
x -= y | x = x - y | Subtraction
x *= y | x = x * y | Multiplication
x /= y | x = x / y | Division
x %= y | x = x % y | Modulus

The example below shows the different results of using the different assignment operators:

## Example

<?php
$x=10;
echo $x; // outputs 10
$y=20;
$y += 100;
echo $y; // outputs 120
$z=50;
$z -= 25;
echo $z; // outputs 25
$i=5;
$i *= 6;
echo $i; // outputs 30
$j=10;
$j /= 5;
echo $j; // outputs 2
$k=15;
$k %= 4;
echo $k; // outputs 3
?>
Run example »

## PHP String Operators

Operator | Name | Example | Result
--- | --- | --- | ---
. | Concatenation | $txt1 = "Hello" $txt2 = $txt1 . " world!" | Now $txt2 contains "Hello world!"
.= | Concatenation assignment | $txt1 = "Hello" $txt1 .= " world!" | Now $txt1 contains "Hello world!"

The example below shows the results of using the string operators:

## Example

<?php
$a = "Hello";
$b = $a . " world!";
echo $b; // outputs Hello world!
$x="Hello";
$x .= " world!";
echo $x; // outputs Hello world!
?>
Run example »

## PHP Increment / Decrement Operators

Operator | Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
++$x | Pre-increment | Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ | Post-increment | Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x | Pre-decrement | Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- | Post-decrement | Returns $x, then decrements $x by one

The example below shows the different results of using the different increment/decrement operators:

## Example

<?php
$x=10;
echo ++$x; // outputs 11
$y=10;
echo $y++; // outputs 10
$z=5;
echo --$z; // outputs 4
$i=5;
echo $i--; // outputs 5
?>
Run example »

## PHP Comparison Operators

The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):

Operator | Name | Example | Result
--- | --- | --- | ---
== | Equal | $x == $y | True if $x is equal to $y
=== | Identical | $x === $y | True if $x is equal to $y, and they are of the same type
!= | Not equal | $x != $y | True if $x is not equal to $y
<> | Not equal | $x <> $y | True if $x is not equal to $y
!== | Not identical | $x !== $y | True if $x is not equal to $y, or they are not of the same type
> | Greater than | $x > $y | True if $x is greater than $y
< | Less than | $x < $y | True if $x is less than $y
>= | Greater than or equal to | $x >= $y | True if $x is greater than or equal to $y
<= | Less than or equal to | $x <= $y | True if $x is less than or equal to $y

The example below shows the different results of using some of the comparison operators:

## Example

<?php
$x=100;
$y="100";
var_dump($x == $y);
echo "<br>";
var_dump($x === $y);
echo "<br>";
var_dump($x != $y);
echo "<br>";
var_dump($x !== $y);
echo "<br>";
$a=50;
$b=90;
var_dump($a > $b);
echo "<br>";
var_dump($a < $b);
?>
Run example »

## PHP Logical Operators

Operator | Name | Example | Result
--- | --- | --- | ---
and | And | $x and $y | True if both $x and $y are true
or | Or | $x or $y | True if either $x or $y is true
xor | Xor | $x xor $y | True if either $x or $y is true, but not both
&& | And | $x && $y | True if both $x and $y are true
|| | Or | $x || $y | True if either $x or $y is true
! | Not | !$x | True if $x is not true

## PHP Array Operators

The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays:

Operator | Name | Example | Result
--- | --- | --- | ---
+ | Union | $x + $y | Union of $x and $y (but duplicate keys are not overwritten)
== | Equality | $x == $y | True if $x and $y have the same key/value pairs
=== | Identity | $x === $y | True if $x and $y have the same key/value pairs in the same order and of the same types
!= | Inequality | $x != $y | True if $x is not equal to $y
<> | Inequality | $x <> $y | True if $x is not equal to $y
!== | Non-identity | $x !== $y | True if $x is not identical to $y

The example below shows the different results of using the different array operators:

## Example

<?php
$x = array("a" => "red", "b" => "green");
$y = array("c" => "blue", "d" => "yellow");
$z = $x + $y; // union of $x and $y
var_dump($z);
var_dump($x == $y);
var_dump($x === $y);
var_dump($x != $y);
var_dump($x <> $y);
var_dump($x !== $y);
?>
Run example »
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